When Barbary pirates captured an obscure Yankee sailing brig off the coast of North Africa in 1812, enslaving eleven American sailors, President James Madison first tried to settle the issue through diplomacy. But when these efforts failed, he sent the largest American naval force ever gathered to that time, led by the heroic Commodore Stephen ...
The title of this book refers to the toast "millions for defense, not a cent for tribute" that became popular in America during the late 1790s as the country teetered towards open war with France. Incensed by demands for bribes from French diplomats and France's galling seizures of U.S. merchant ships, Americans were provoked to action, as this ...
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The Barbary Wars: American Independence in the Atlantic World
